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Pick one of the 103 monitoring sites in the study. The grey line is PM2.5 as measured. The dark line is what the same site would have recorded under typical weather, so what remains is driven by emissions.
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Both lines are 30-day running means. Weather normalisation: a LightGBM model of daily PM2.5 on ERA5 weather and calendar terms, predicted 200 times with the weather resampled from the site's whole record.